1. Which was a revolutionary who later turned into a yogi and a philosopher? – Aurobindo Ghosh
2. In which year Delhi became the capital of India? – 1911
3. With reference to Indian Freedom Struggle, who was the lady representative of India at the Second Round Table Conference? – Sarojini Naidu
4. By whom was Swaraj as a national demand first made? – Dadabhai Naoroji
5. Who was the Viceroy of India at the time of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre? – Lord Chelmsford
6. By whom was the Indian Independence League set up? – Ras Behari Bose
7. Which Urdu poets was invited, to the Second and Third Round Table Conference? – Muhammad Iqbal
8. Which first movement was launched against the British in India? – Swadeshi Movement
9. By whom was first women’s university in India was founded? – Dhondo Keshave Karve
10. Why was the capital of the British Indian Empire was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi? – Calcutta was the hotbed of revolutionaries
11. During which movement was ‘Mahatma’ added before Gandhiji’s name? – Champaran satyagraha
12. Which first Indian leader to undergo imprisonment in 1882? – C. Vijiaraghavachari
13. From which Union were M. C. Setalvad, B. N. Rao and Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer distinguished? – Madras Labour Union
14. At which congress session did Dadabhai Naoroji announce that Swaraj was the goal of India’s political efforts? – 1906 Calcutta session
15. By whom was the slogan ‘Inquilab Zinda bad’ first raised? – Bhagat Singh
16. Who said “I therefore want freedom immediately, this very night, before dawn if it can be had”? – Mahatma Gandhi
17. Ancient Monuments Preservation Act was passed during which Viceroyality? – Curzon
18. What are the birth and death years of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar? – 1891, 1956
19. Who was elected as the President of All-India Khilafat Conference when it met at Delhi in 1919? – Mahatma Gandhi
20. Who was called by the British rulers as the leader of Indian unrest? – Bal Gangadhar Tilak
21. Which were the people who joined Mahatma Gandhi during the Champaran struggle? – Rajendra Prasad and Anugraha Narayan Sinha
22. In which year was the All-India Trade Union Congress formed in Bombay? – 1920
23. Who was involved in the Alipore Bomb case? – Aurobindo Ghosh
24. On whom was the title ‘Punjab Kesari’ was conferred? – Lala Lajpat Rai
25. Mahatma Gandhi’s first attempt at leading an All India struggle was his call for a Satyagraha against which act? – Rowlatt Act
26. In ‘March 1925, who was elected as the President of the Central Legislative Assembly? – Vithalbhai Patel
27. In which year did Mahatma Gandhi return to India, leaving South Africa for ever? – 1915
28. Who attended all the three Round Table Conferences? – B. R. Ambedkar
29. Who founded the Banaras Hindu University? – Madan Mohan Malviya
30. What was the most important feature of the Government of India Act of 1919? – Introduction of Dyarchy
31. The Champaran Satyagraha was started by Mahatma Gandhi in which year? – 1917
32. Where was the session of Muslim League held when the resolution demanding the creation of Pakistan was passed? – Lahore
33. Who was the first woman’ President of the Indian National Congress? – Annie Besant
34. Who was the founder of the Muslim League in India? – Nawab Salimulla
35. With which case was Ram Prasad Bismil was associated? – Kakori Conspiracy Case
36. The Chauri-Chaura incident’ (during Non-Cooperation Movement) relate which case? – the burning of a police post by a mob
37. The Cripps Mission visited India during the regime which governor? – Lord Linlithgow
38. Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred on which date? – April 13, 1919
39. Who was the first Indian woman President of the Indian National Congress? – Sarojini Naidu
40. During the Indian Freedom Struggle, who raised an army called Free Indian Legion? – Subhas Chandra Bose
41. If a God were to tolerate untouchability I would not recognise him as God at all”. By whom were these words spoken? – Gandhi.

42. Which revolutionary died after a 64-day fast In jail, demanding treatment not as criminals but as political prisoners? – Jatin Das
43. When Gandhiji was arrested during Salt Satyagraha who took his place as the leader of movement? – Jawaharlal Nehru
44. Where did the INA trials took place? – Red Fort, Delhi
45. In which movements Bande Mataram was adopted as a slogan for agitation? – Partition of Bengal in 1905
46. Who took the burning of the foreign clothes during the Non- Cooperation Movement as ‘insenate waste’ ? – Rabindra Nath Tagore
47. Who was founder of All India Harijan Sangha in 1932 ? – M. K. Gandhi
48. During the Indian Freedom Struggle, why was the Simon Commission appointed? – examine the working of the reforms of 1919
49. Who started the Bhoodan Movement? – Acharya Vinoba Bhave
50. On which date the Indians celebrated the independence Day for the first time? – January 26, 1930
51. Who rejected the title of Knighthood and refused to accept a position in the Council of the Secretary of State for India? – G. K. Gokhale
52. Who advocated the policy of abolishing princely states in free India? – Jawaharlal Nehru
53. What was the main reason for the failure of the INA? – the collapse of Japanese forces in the war
54. Who were considered constitutionalist within the Indian National Congress? – Satyamurty and K. M. Munshi
55. Where did Moplah rebellion of 1921 take place? – Kerala
56. Who Gandhian follower was a teacher by profession? – J. B. Kriplani
57. In 1943, where did Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose proclaimed the formation of the Provisional Government of Independent India (Azad Hind)? – Singapore
58. Which was a journal brought out by Abul Kalam Azad ? – Al -Hilal
59. The song ‘Jana-gana-mana composed by Rabindranath Tagore, was first published in January 1912 under the title of which book? – Bharat Vidhata
60. In the Interim Government formed in the year 1946, who held the portfolio of Defence? – Baldev Singh
61. What did Gandhiji do to practise the ideals of truth and non-violence in 1916 ? – He founded Sabarmati Ashram near Ahmedabad
62. In 1917, at Champaran, why did the government force farmers? – To undertake indigo cultivation
63. From where did Mahatma Gandhi start his historic Dandi March? – Sabarmati Ashram
64. Against whom did Gandhiji started Satyagraha movement in 1919 in protest? – enactment of Rowlatt Act
65. Who conceived the idea of Pakistan? – Chowdhary Rahmat Ali
66. Who was the Prime Minister of Britain at the time of India’s independence? – Clement Attlee
67. Where were all the three Round Table Conferences held? – London
68. From where did the Quit India Movement start? – Bombay on Aug. 8, 1942
69. By whom was the Civil Disobedience Movement led in the North-West Frontier Province? – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
70. During the freedom struggle, who established ‘The Deccan Educational Society’ ? – M. G. Ranade
71. Who said “My boy no, you are an Indian first and then a Muslim”? – Mohammad Ali Jinnah
72. Which event was characterised by Montague as ‘Preventive Murder’ ? – Massacre of Jallianwala Bagh
73. Who presided over the first session of the All India Kisan Sabha and which day is celebrated as the All India Kisan Day? – Swami Sahajananda and 1st September
74. On which date was Mahatma Gandhi assassinated? – January 30, 1948
75. During the Indian freedom struggle, who started. the weekly Yugantar in April 1906 ? – Barindra Kumar Ghosh and Bhupendranath Dutta
76. Who is the author of the book ‘Hindu way of Life’? – Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
77. Who appointed a National Planning Committee in 1938? – Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
78. In which case were Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged for their role? – Lahore Conspiracy case
79. Which is the most significant contribution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel to modern India? – His achievement of integration of princely states
80. Which revolutionary had participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement and was teacher in national school in Chittagong ? – Surya Sen
81. Who is the author of the concept of Antyodaya ? – Vinoba Bhave

82. Who was the leader of the Indian revolutionary activities in America? – Lala Hardayal
83. Paramdham Ashram was established by whom? – Acharya Vinoba Bhave
84. By whom was the clarion call ‘Dilli Chalo’ was given? – Subhash Chandra Bose
85. When Subhash Chandra Bose resigned as the President of INC, who was appointed in his place? – Rajendra Prasad
86. Which nationalist leader was involved in a libel suit against Sir Valentine Chirol, and left for England to fight his case in Sept, 1918 ? – B. G. Tilak
87. Who was the President of the Indian National Congress at the time of Indian Independence? – J. B. Kriplani
88. On which basis Montague-Chelmsford Report formed? – The Government of India Act, 1919
99. Under whose guidance was the Congress policy of pray and petition ultimately come to an end? – Lala Lajpat Rai
90. “Be proud that you are an Indian, proudly claim I am an ‘Indian, every Indian is my brother.” Who had said these words? – Vivekananda
91. What was the first venture of Gandhiji in all-India politics? – Rowlatt Satyagraha
92. During the reign of which Indian National Congress banned and over 1,20,000 persons were arrested? – Lord Willingdon
93. Who com merited that Cripps Mission was a postdated cheque on a crashing bank? – Mahatma Gandhi
94. Who was named as Mira Ben by Mahatma Gandhi? – Madeline Slade
95. Mahatma Gandhi gave the call ‘Do or Die’ during which movement? – Quit India Movement
96. A series of articles by Aurobindo Ghosh known as ‘Doctrine of-Passive Resistance’ are associated with which movements? – Swadeshi and Boycott movement
97. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was born in which year? – 1889
98. Who was the Chairman of Boundary Commission to define the boundaries of the dominions under the Indian Independence Act of 1947? – Cyril Radcliffe
99. Who was the President of Lahore session of INC at which the resolution of ‘Complete Independence’ was passed? – Jawaharlal Nehru
100. During the Indian Freedom struggle, who started a journal “The Indian Sociologist” ? – Shyamji Krishna Varma

1. Khalifa first gave Mahmud Ghaznavi the title of Sultan in Islamic history.
2. Mohammad Ghori invaded Sultan in 1176 AD.
3. On March 25, 1206 AD, the Shiite rebels and the Khokre murdered Mohammed Goori in the raid.
4. In 1202-03, Qutb-ud-din Aibak invaded Kalinger, then at that time there was ruler Parmididev.
5. Qutbuddin Aibak died of falling from a horse in Lahore in November 1210 AD.
6. From November 1210 to June 1211 AD, Aibak's son, Aashashash, ruled.
7. In 1249 AD, Balban sat on the post of Nieb-e-Mamlikat.
8. Balban took control of the district elahi and stopped drinking.
9. Iltutmish was the first Sultan of Delhi, which was recognized by the Khalifa of Baghdad in 1229 AD.
10. In the entire Sultanate era, Siddha was the first and the last Hindu who got high rank in the Delhi court.
11. Jalaluddin Khizali became Sultan at the age of 70 in 1290 AD. His capital was Kilokhari.
12. The important source of the history of the Khilji dynasty is Ziauddin Barni's date-A-Firozshahi.
13. In 1316 AD, Allauddin Khilji died of ascites.
14. Allauddin was the first Sultanate ruler who neglected the teachings.
15. During the time of Alauddin Khilji, Delhi was connected by road to many business centers.
16. In the year 1315 AD, Allauddin Khilji appointed Giasuddin Tughluq as the Subedar of Dipalpur. He defeated the invaders 29 times. That is why he became famous in the name of Malik-ul-Ghazi.
17. Mohammed bin Tughluq has issued coins on his coins as 'Al Sultan Zilli Allah', 'Supporter of God Sultan' etc.
18. The African passenger Ibnbuttuta came to India in the rule of Mohammad Tughluq.
19. During the reign of Nasiruddin Mohammad Shah, the tomb of Kabiruddin Oliya was created, which is famous as the Red Gumbad.
20. Irrigation was one-tenth of the yield. Firoz Tughlaq imposed Jijiya tax on the Brahmins
21. Sikandar Lodi established Agra in 1504 AD.
22. Henry Elliot and Elphinstone called Firoz Tughlaq as Sultanat Akbar of Akbar.
23. Malik Sarwar, a hijra whose title was 'Sultan Shark', became independent ruler in Jaunpur and laid the foundation of the Shaki dynasty.
24. In Delhi Sultanate there was a ministerial council to assist Sultan, which was called Majlis-e-Khalawat.
25. Diwan-i-Amir Kohi was founded by Mohammed bin Tughluq who received great distinction.
26. Firoz Shah Tughlaq imposed an irrigation tax called 'Haab-e-Sharb'. Its rate was 1 / 20th of the yield.
27. Rajwahi and Ulug Khaji Ferozeshah were the main canals built by Tughlaq.
28. Naval fleet was called blossom. Its president was Amir-e-Bahar.
29. Mohammad Tughlaq waived many taxes, which increased trade.
30. Jain-ul-Abidin, the most notable ruler of Kashmir, has been called 'Akbar of Kashmir'.
31. Sheikh Nizamuddin Oliya was born in Badakun in 1236 AD.
32. After Narasimha Suluu, his minor son Imamadi Narasimha became ruler and Naresh Nayak was his patron.
33. He took possession of Raichur Doadab in 1512 AD, and in 1520 AD, Bijapur, and won the fort of Gulbarga.
34. To give respect to men who show insincerity in the war, jewelery carrying a leg called 'Gandpeedara' was given.
35. In 1336 AD, Harihar I laid the foundations of Hampi State and made Vijaynagar the capital the same year.
36. Ramchandra sat on the throne after Devaraya I (1406-1422 AD), but he could only rule for a few months. After that his brother ruled till 1430 AD.
37. In Vijayanagara administration, after the King (Rai) was the post of Yuvraj. After the appointment of Yuvraj, his coronation was used, which was called Yuvraj Patta Bhishekam.
38. After Gulbarga, Beedar became the capital of Bahmani kingdom.
39. Sultan Shamsuddin Muhammad III won Sangameshwar, Goa and Belgaum respectively in 1471, 1472 and 1473 AD.
40. Babur won Kabul in 1504 AD and won the title in 1507 AD and assumed the title of the emperor. In 1510 AD, Shabani Khan was killed in the battle of Merv.
41. Babar learned from Ubbigus the tulagma method of war and the use of guns was done by the Iranians.
42. Babar died in December 1530, and he was buried in Arambagh in Agra. Later he was taken to Kabul and buried.
43. Humayun's wife Hamida Bano Begum was the daughter of spiritual guru Shiya Mir Baba alias Mir Ali Akbar Jami of the Hindal.
44. Humayun in Kalinjar has beaten Hindu temples.
45. Lennon has written that Humayun rolled-rolled and spilled and died.
46. ​​In the time of Sher Shah, the land was measured by ropes in the bees.
47. Akbar was born on October 15, 1542, at Rana Veasāl of Amarkot.
48. Meer Abdul Latif appointed Bairam Khan as the teacher of Akbar.
49. Akbar visited Sheikh Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer for the first time in 1562 AD.
50. Maharana Pratap died in 1597 AD.
51. In 1572 AD, Akbar conquered Gujarat and made Khan-e-Azam (Aziz Coca) the sub-governor of Gujarat.
52. Kutulukha Lohani declared himself the independent ruler of Orissa. Subedar Mansingh of Bihar attacked Orissa in 1590 AD and defeated Lohani's son Nisar Khan and took over Orissa.
53. Chand Bibi was the queen of Bijapur who fought the Mughal army.
54. When Jahangir became the king, Amar Singh was the ruler of Mewar at that time. Jahangir sent Shahjada Parvez, Asfakhan, Mahabat Khan, Abdullah Khan and Shahjada Khurram respectively to defeat him.
55. Mumtaz Mahal died in Burhanpur in 1633 AD.
56. In 1636 CE, Bijapur took the possession of the Mughals.
57. All the ministers of Akbar, Jahangir and Aurangzeb were Shi'a.
58. Akbar started the practice with the help of Atmat Khan in 1562 AD.
59. Akbar has fixed minimum age for marriage, 14 years for girls, 16 years for boys.
60. In 1585 AD, Akbar appointed a permanent Judicial Committee. There were members- Birbal, Hakim Hammam Shamsher Khan (Kotwal) and Qasim Khan.
61. Amir Khusro composed date-e-Alai Khajinul-Futosh.
62. The credit for getting Dhrupad Raga in music goes to King Mansingh of Gwalior. Mansingh wrote a musical book 'Kautujal'.
63. Babar wrote Tuzuk-e-Babari, his autobiography in Turkey. This book was translated into Persian twice. Once Abdurrahim Khan-e-Khan has
64. Persian was the official language of the Mughals. This made Akbar the official language.
65. Sukhsan, Lalseen, Sarasena and Jagannath were famous singers of the court of Shah Jahan.
66. Mohammed Shah was the first Mughal emperor who promoted Urdu.
67. Timur was born in 1336 AD at the place named Catch in Trans Oxyana.
68. Of the 17 painters of Akbar's court, 13 were Hindus. They were Daswant, Basavan, Keshu, Lal, Mukund, Madhu, Jagan, Mahesh, Tara Khemkaran, Sankala, Harivansh and Rai.
69. 'Shahbruj' was a secret room of Shah Jahan that was located in Agra Fort.
70. The construction of the Jama Masjid was completed by Shah Jahan's daughter, Jnana.
71. Taj Mahal is ready in 1653 AD from the cost of nine crores in twenty years.
72. The construction of the Red Fort of Delhi was completed in 1648 AD under the supervision of artisans named Hamid and Ahmed.
73. During the time of Shah Jahan, many domes were constructed in a dome. Diwan-e-Khas of Delhi's Red Fort is an example of this.
74. Shah Jahan started the Hijri Samvat at the place of Elahi Sanvat.
75. Humayun's leading painter was Mir-Syed Ali, Shiraji, Khwaja Abdul Samad, Syed Tabrizi.
76. Aurangzeb destroyed images made in Bijapur and Golconda and gave a white clean on the pictures of Akbar's tomb.
77. Located in Agra, Rambagh was called the Noor-e-Afghan or the rest garden.
78. The reign of Shah Jahan is called the golden age of Mughal rule.
79. The mausoleum of Nasiruddin Mahmud (son of Iltutmish) is called Sultan Garhi.
80. Akbar finished the pilgrimage in 1563 AD and finished the Jizya the following year.
81. Abul Fazal has called Kanugo a 'Farmer's ashram'.
82. During the time of Akbar, the largest coin of gold was called 'Elahi'.
83. Akbar tried to end the practice of sati, child marriage and vaishyavatma.
84. In the Mughal period, Finance Minister was called Diwan-i-Ala or Diwan-i-Kul, but during the time of Aurangzeb it was called Wazir-e-Muazzam.
85. Farrukh Seyar finished his Jijia in the first year of his rule. It was re-introduced in 1717 AD and again in 1719 AD.
86. Akbar started Gaj-e-Elahi in 1585 AD. It was equivalent to 41 Angul.
87. The 'Gaugar' architect was called. 'Fiqh' was called Islamic law.
88. Shah Jahan banned the sale of liquor in the sixth year of rule.
89. The work of elephant tooth in the Mughal period was at its peak. Agra Fatehpur Sikri and Jaipur were its main centers.
90. The coronation of Aurangzeb was repeated twice - first in 1658 and second in 1659 AD.
91. Aurangzeb ended 80 tax Among them, Shahidar and Panjari were prominent. They were called Ababab.
92. Aurangzeb imposed a tax on non-Muslims in 1679 AD.
93. Aurangzeb died in 1707 AD. He was buried near the mazar of Sheikh Jain-ul-Haq near Daulatabad.
94. Aurangzeb called the 'Nimaj' and gifts received from the rich from the princes as 'Nisar'.
95. Aurangzeb ended the practice of Jharkhand philosophy in the eleventh year of his rule.
96. Aurangzeb married one of his daughters, Siddhir Shikoh, son of Dara and the fifth daughter of Murad's son Ejeed Baksh.
97. Guru Hargobind Singh established the Akal Takht.
98. Shivaji first started the struggle with the Mughals in 1656 AD when Shivaji took an oath at Ahmadnagar and Junnar.
99. Shivaji has two coronation. Previously, Pandit was Gangbatta and in the second coronation, there was a tantrik named Nishchalpuri Goswami.
100. Mahmud Khan established the Khilji dynasty in Malwa in 1435 AD.

Delhi Proposals
Earlier, in December 1927, a large number of Muslim leaders had met at Delhi at the Muslim League session and evolved four proposals for Muslim demands to be incorporated in the draft constitution. These proposals, which were accepted by the Madras session of the Congress (December 1927), came to be known as the ‘Delhi Proposals’. These were –

1.joint electorates in place of separate electorates with reserved seats for Muslims

2.one-third representation to Muslims in Central Legislative Assembly
representation to Muslims in Punjab and Bengal in proportion to their population

3.formation of three new Muslim majority provinces— Sindh, Baluchistan and North-West Frontier Province

Delhi Manifesto
On November 2, 1929, a conference of prominent national leaders issued a “Delhi Manifesto” which demanded:
that the purpose of the Round Table Conferences (RTC), promised by Lord Irwin,

1.should be to formulate a scheme for implementation of the dominion status;

2.Congress should have majority representation at the conference;
amnesty and

3.a general policy of conciliation;
Viceroy Irwin rejected these demands on December 23, 1929, which led to the demand of Purna swaraj in Lahore session of INC


DELHI PACT
The Gandhi Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and the then Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin on 5 March 1931 before the second Round Table Conference in London. Before this, the viceroy Lord Irwin announced in October 1929, a vague offer of 'dominion status' for India in an unspecified future and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. The second round table conference which was held in 1931.

 Dilli Chalo slogan was given by Indian freedom fighter name Subhas Chandra Bose.

Delhi Chalo movement
Gandhi initiated a limited satyagraha on an individual basis in every locality.The carefully -chosen satyagrahis would preach against participation in the war , after informing the district magistrate of the time and place of the anti war speech. Vinoba Bhave was first satyagrahi on 17 October 1940 and Jawarharlal Nehru , the second . if the government did not arrest them, they planned to start moving towards Delhi (the Delhi Chalo movement )

Central Assembly bombing case

          

● What happened ?

On 8 April, 1929, revolutionaries Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs at the Central Legislative Assembly at Delhi.

Background

At about 12:30 PM on 8th April, 1929, as the President of the Central Assembly (akin to today’s Lok Sabha Speaker) Vithalbhai Patel began to give his ruling on the Trade Disputes Bill at the Assembly, an explosion occurred and the hall began to be filled with smoke.
There were slogans raised by young men from the Visitors’ Gallery, stating ‘Inquilab Zindabad’, ‘Workers of the world unite’, and ‘Down with imperialism’. The voices belonged to two young revolutionary freedom fighters Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt (also called B K Dutt). They also threw pamphlets into the hall.
Both the men did not flee the scene or try to evade arrest after the act. They willingly courted arrest.
Both of them were members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. Their motive, as stated by them, was not to kill or injure people, but to ‘make the deaf hear’.
Bhagat Singh, who masterminded the attack, was inspired by the French anarchist Auguste Vaillant who had bombed the French Chamber of Deputies in the year 1893. Vaillant was executed for the act.
In the 1929 attack, nobody was killed and only a few people had sustained minor injuries.
In fact, the revolutionaries only wanted to spread their ideas of revolution and inspire Indians to fight British imperialism, apart from protesting the unpopular bills that were being enacted in the assembly that day.
Among those present in the Hall were Motilal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Madan Mohan Malaviya, John Simon (of the Simon Commission) and others.
Both Singh and Dutt courted arrest even though both the bombs were thrown by Singh alone.
The trial started in May 1929. Lawyer Asaf Ali represented Dutt while Singh defended himself during the trial.
In June, the verdict was pronounced and both Singh and Dutt were sentenced to ‘transportation for life’.
In the meantime, the case of the murder of ASP John Saunders was linked to Bhagat Singh who was then charged in that case as well. He, along with Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar, was executed for the murder case on 23 March 1931.
Dutt took part in the freedom movement after his release from incarceration. He died in 1965 after a prolonged illness. He neither received any recognition from the Indian government nor financial support despite being a part of one of the most illustrious chapters of the freedom struggle.

SYLLABUS FOR HISTORY

PAPER - I
	1. Sources Archaeological sources: Exploration, excavation, epigraphy, numismatics, monuments Literary sources Indigenous: Primary and secondary; poetry, scientific literature, literature, literature in regional languages, religious literature. Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese and Arab writers. 2. Pre-history and Proto-history Geographical factors; hunting and gathering (paleolithic and mesolithic); Beginning of agriculture (neolithic and chalcolithic). 3. Indus Valley Civilization Origin, date, extent, characteristics, decline, survival and significance, art and architecture. 4. Megalithic Cultures Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures outside the Indus, Development of community life, Settlements, Development of agriculture, Crafts, Pottery, and Iron industry. 5. Aryans and Vedic Period Expansions of Aryans in India. Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature; Transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic period; Political, social and economical life; Significance of the Vedic Age; Evolution of Monarchy and Varna system. 6. Period of Mahajanapadas Formation of States (Mahajanapada): Republics and monarchies; Rise of urban centres; Trade routes; Economic growth; Introduction of coinage; Spread of Jainism and Buddhism; Rise of Magadha and Nandas. Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact. 7. Mauryan Empire Foundation of the Mauryan Empire, Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra; Ashoka; Concept of Dharma; Edicts; Polity, Administration; Economy; Art, architecture and sculpture; External contacts; Religion; Spread of religion; Literature.  Disintegration of the empire; Sungas and Kanvas. 8. Post Mauryan Period (Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas, Western Kshatrapas): Contact with outside world; growth of urban centres, economy, coinage, development of religions, Mahayana, social conditions, art, architecture, culture, literature and science. 9. Early State and Society in Eastern India, Deccan and South India Kharavela, The Satavahanas, Tamil States of the Sangam Age; Administration, economy, land grants, coinage, trade guilds and urban centres; Buddhist centres; Sangam literature and culture; Art and architecture. 10. Guptas, Vakatakas and Vardhanas Polity and administration, Economic conditions, Coinage of the Guptas, Land grants, Decline of urban centres, Indian feudalism, Caste system, Position of women, Education and educational institutions; Nalanda, Vikramshila and Vallabhi, Literature, scientific literature, art and architecture. 11. Regional States during Gupta Era The Kadambas, Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami; Polity and Administration, Trade guilds, Literature; growth of Vaishnava and Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakti movement, Shankaracharya; Vedanta; Institutions of temple and temple architecture; Palas, Senas, Rashtrakutas, Paramaras, Polity and administration; Cultural aspects. Arab conquest of Sind; Alberuni, The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas; Polity and Administration; local Government; Growth of art and architecture, religious sects, Institution of temple and Mathas, Agraharas, education and literature, economy and society. 12. Themes in Early Indian Cultural History: Languages and texts, major stages in the evolution of art and architecture, major philosophical thinkers and schools, ideas in Science and Mathematics. 13. Early Medieval India, 750-1200 * Polity: Major political developments in Northern India and the Peninsula, origin and the rise of Rajputs * The Cholas: administration, village economy and society * Indian Feudalism * Agrarian economy and urban settlements * Trade and commerce * Society: the status of the Brahman and the new social order * Condition of women * Indian science and technology 14. Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200 * Philosophy: Skankaracharya and Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and Brahma-Mimansa * Religion: Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional cult, growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India, Sufism * Literature: Literature in Sanskrit, growth of Tamil literature, literature in the newly developing languages, Kalhan's Rajtarangini, Alberuni's India * Art and Architecture: Temple architecture, sculpture, painting 15. The Thirteenth Century * Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate: The Ghurian invasions - factors behind Ghurian success * Economic, social and cultural consequences * Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and early Turkish Sultans * Consolidation: The rule of Iltutmish and Balban 16. The Fourteenth Century * The Khalji Revolution * Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and territorial expansion, agrarian and economic measures * Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects, agrarian measures, bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughluq * Firuz Tughluq: Agrarian measures, achievements in civil engineering and public works, decline of the Sultanate, foreign contacts and Ibn Battuta's account 17. Society, Culture and Economy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries * Society: composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the Sultanate, Bhakti movement, Sufi movement * Culture: Persian literature, literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the languages of South India, Sultanate architecture and new structural forms, painting, evolution of a composite culture * Economy: Agricultural production, rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade and commerce 18. The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century - Political Developments and Economy * Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin), Gujarat, Malwa, Bahmanids * The Vijayanagra Empire * Lodis * Mughal Empire, First phase: Babur and Humayun * The Sur Empire: Sher Shah's administration * Portuguese Colonial enterprise * Bhakti and Sufi Movements 19. The Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century - Society and Culture * Regional cultural specificities * Literary traditions * Provincial architecture * Society, culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire. 20. Akbar * Conquests and consolidation of the Empire * Establishment of Jagir and Mansab systems * Rajput policy * Evolution of religious and social outlook, theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy * Court patronage of art and technology 21. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century * Major administrative policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb * The Empire and the Zamindars * Religious policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb * Nature of the Mughal State * Late Seventeenth century crisis and the revolts * The Ahom Kingdom * Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom. 22. Economy and Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries * Population, agricultural production, craft production * Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies : a trade revolution * Indian mercantile classes, banking, insurance and credit systems * Condition of peasants, condition of women * Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth 23. Culture in the Mughal Empire * Persian histories and other literature * Hindi and other religious literature * Mughal architecture * Mughal painting * Provincial architecture and painting * Classical music * Science and technology 24. The Eighteenth Century * Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire * The regional principalities: Nizam's Deccan, Bengal, Awadh * Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas * The Maratha fiscal and financial system * Emergence of Afghan Power, Battle of Panipat:1761 * State of politics, culture and economy on the eve of the British conquest
	PAPER - II
	1. European Penetration into India The Early European Settlements; The Portuguese and the Dutch; The English and the French East India Companies; Their struggle for supremacy; Carnatic Wars; Bengal -The conflict between the English and the Nawabs of Bengal; Siraj and the English; The Battle of Plassey; Significance of Plassey. 2. British Expansion in India Bengal - Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim; The Battle of Buxar; Mysore; The Marathas; The three Anglo-Maratha Wars; The Punjab. 3. Early Structure of the British Raj The early administrative structure; From diarchy to direct control; The Regulating Act (1773); The Pitt's India Act (1784); The Charter Act (1833); The voice of free trade and the changing character of British colonial rule; The English utilitarian and India. 4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule (a) Land revenue settlements in British India; The Permanent Settlement; Ryotwari Settlement; Mahalwari Settlement; Economic impact of the revenue arrangements; Commercialization of agriculture; Rise of landless agrarian labourers; Impoverishment of the rural society. (b) Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce; De-industrialisation; Decline of traditional crafts; Drain of wealth; Economic transformation of India; Railroad and communication network including telegraph and postal services; Famine and poverty in the rural interior; European business enterprise and its limitations. 5. Social and Cultural Developments The state of indigenous education, its dislocation; Orientalist-Anglicist controversy, The introduction of western education in India; The rise of press, literature and public opinion; The rise of modern vernacular literature; Progress of science; Christian missionary activities in India. 6. Social and Religious Reform movements in Bengal and Other Areas Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo Movement; Devendranath Tagore; Iswarchandra Vidyasagar; The Young Bengal Movement; Dayanada Saraswati; The social reform movements in India including Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage etc.; The contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India; Islamic revivalism - the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements. 7. Indian Response to British Rule Peasant movements and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing (1783), the Kol Rebellion (1832), the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920), the Santal Hul (1855), Indigo Rebellion (1859-60), Deccan Uprising (1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900); The Great Revolt of 1857 - Origin, character, causes of failure, the consequences; The shift in the character of peasant uprisings in the post-1857 period; the peasant movements of the 1920s and 1930s. 8. Factors leading to the birth of Indian Nationalism; Politics of Association; The Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The Safety-valve thesis relating to the birth of the Congress; Programme and objectives of Early Congress; the social composition of early Congress leadership; the Moderates and Extremists; The Partition of Bengal (1905); The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi Movement; The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India. 9. Rise of Gandhi; Character of Gandhian nationalism; Gandhi's popular appeal; Rowlatt Satyagraha; the Khilafat Movement; the Non-cooperation Movement; National politics from the end of the Non-cooperation movement to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement; the two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement; Simon Commission; The Nehru Report; the Round Table Conferences; Nationalism and the Peasant Movements; Nationalism and Working class movements; Women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics (1885-1947); the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries; Cripps Mission; the Quit India Movement; the Wavell Plan; The Cabinet Mission. 10. Constitutional Developments in the Colonial India between 1858 and 1935 11. Other strands in the National Movement The Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P, the Madras Presidency, Outside India. The Left; The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party; the Communist Party of India, other left parties. 12. Politics of Separatism; the Muslim League; the Hindu Mahasabha; Communalism and the politics of partition; Transfer of power; Independence. 13. Consolidation as a Nation; Nehru's Foreign Policy; India and her neighbours (1947-1964); The linguistic reorganisation of States (1935-1947); Regionalism and regional inequality; Integration of Princely States; Princes in electoral politics; the Question of National Language. 14. Caste and Ethnicity after 1947; Backward castes and tribes in post-colonial electoral politics; Dalit movements. 15. Economic development and political change; Land reforms; the politics of planning and rural reconstruction; Ecology and environmental policy in post - colonial India; Progress of science. 16. Enlightenment and Modern ideas (i) Major ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau (ii) Spread of Enlightenment in the colonies (iii) Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx); spread of Marxian Socialism. 17. Origins of Modern Politics (i) European States System. (ii) American Revolution and the Constitution. (iii) French revolution and aftermath, 1789-1815. (iv) American Civil War with reference to Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery. (v) British Democratic Politics, 1815-1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, Chartists. 18. Industrialization (i) English Industrial Revolution: Causes and Impact on Society (ii) Industrialization in other countries: USA, Germany, Russia, Japan (iii) Industrialization and Globalization. 19. Nation-State System (i) Rise of Nationalism in 19th century (ii) Nationalism: state-building in Germany and Italy (iii) Disintegration of Empires in the face of the emergence of nationalities across the world. 20. Imperialism and Colonialism (i) South and South-East Asia (ii) Latin America and South Africa (iii) Australia (iv) Imperialism and free trade: Rise of neo-imperialism. 21. Revolution and Counter-Revolution (i) 19th Century European revolutions (ii) The Russian Revolution of 1917-1921 (iii) Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany. (iv)The Chinese Revolution of 1949 22. World Wars (i) 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal implications (ii) World War I: Causes and consequences (iii) World War II: Causes and consequence 23. The World after World War II (i) Emergence of two power blocs (ii) Emergence of Third World and non-alignment (iii) UNO and the global disputes. 24. Liberation from Colonial Rule (i) Latin America-Bolivar (ii) Arab World-Egypt (iii) Africa-Apartheid to Democracy (iv) South-East Asia-Vietnam 25. Decolonization and Underdevelopment (i) Factors constraining development: Latin America, Africa 26. Unification of Europe (i) Post War Foundations: NATO and European Community (ii) Consolidation and Expansion of European Community (iii) European Union. 27. Disintegration of Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World (i) Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-1991 (ii) Political Changes in Eastern Europe 1989-2001. (iii) End of the cold war and US ascendancy in the World as the lone superpower. click here..

Remembering ‘Punjab Kesari’ Lala Lajpat Rai on his birth anniversary

Today is the birth anniversary of Lala Lajpat Rai, one of the foremost leaders who fought against the mighty British rule in India. Popularly known as Punjab Kesari (lion of Punjab), Lala was born on January 28, 1865 in Dhudike village, Moga District of Punjab. He was the eldest son of Munshi Radha Kishan Azad and Gulab Devi. His father was an Aggarwal Bania by caste. Lala Lajpat Rai joined the Government College at Lahore in 1880 to study Law where he came in contact with Lala Hans Raj and Pandit Guru Dutt. After that he joined the Arya Samaj founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. He passed his Law Degree Examination in 1885 and started his legal practice in Hissar. He was elected to the Hissar Municipality as a member and later as Secretary.

He shifted to Lahore in 1892. Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the three most prominent Hindu Nationalist members of the Indian National Congress. He was part of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio. The other two members of the trio were Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal.

Lalaji actively participated in the struggle against partition of Bengal. Along with Surendra Nath Banerjee, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurorbindo Ghosh, he galvanized Bengal and the nation in a vigorous campaign of Swadeshi. Lalaji was arrested on 3rdof May, 1907 for his revolution against British Raj in Rawalpindi. He was put in Mandalay jail for six months and was released on November 11, 1907. Lalaji believed that it was important to organize propaganda in foreign countries to explain India's position because by that time the freedom struggle had taken a revolutionary turn.

He left for Britain in April 1914 for this purpose. At this time First World War broke out and he was unable to return to India. He went to USA to galvanize support for India. He laid foundation of the ‘Indian Home League Society of America’ and wrote a book called "Young India".  The book severely indicated British rule in India and was banned in Britain and India even before it was published. He returned to India in 1920 and became Congress President in the same year. Servants of the People Society (Lok Sevak Mandal) was founded by Lala Lajpat Rai in 1921 at Lahore.  The object of the society, as set forth by Lala Lajpat Rai himself is to enlist and train national missionaries for the services of the mother-land He led the Punjab to protests against the Jalianwala Bagh Massacre and took active participation in Non-Cooperation Movement.

He was arrested several times. He disagreed with Gandhiji's suspension of Non-Cooperation Movement due to the Chauri-Chaura incident, and formed the Congress Independence Party. It had a pro-Hindu angle.  In 1928, British Government decided to send Simon Commission to India to discuss constitutional reforms. In 1929, when the Commission came to India there were protests all over India.  Lala Lajpat Rai also led a protest against Simon Commission. At that time he was brutally lathi charged by British Forces and received severe head injuries. He breathed his last on November17, 1928 which is celebrated as Martyr’s Day in India.